Phencyclidine was initially discovered in 1926 by Arthur Kötzand his student Paul Merkel as a product of a Grignard reaction of 1-piperidinocyclohexancarbonitrile
It was again synthesized in 1956 by chemist H Victor Maddox and brought to market as an anesthetic medication by pharmaceutical company Parke-Davis, now a subsidiary of Pfizer Its use in humans was disallowed in the US in 1965
Phencyclidine To Ketamine
In the early 1960s, Calvin Stevens was working with Parke-Davis to develop a safer alternative to phencyclidine (PCP), which was effective but had severe hallucinogenic and neurotoxic side effects.
In 1962, Calvin Stevens synthesized a compound called CI-581, which would later be named ketamine.
It was a derivative of PCP, but significantly shorter-acting and less hallucinogenic.
DISASSOCIATE
Ketamine = Dissociative Anesthesia
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In the early 1990s, Yale researchers noticed that chronically depressed patients experienced almost immediate — if transitory — relief from symptoms after taking the pediatric anesthetic ketamine. Their subsequent research has shown that ketamine, which is also abused as a party drug Special K, works on an entirely different neurotransmitter system as currently prescribed anti-depressants.
The work at Yale opened up a revolution in the understanding of depression — which afflicts tens of millions of people worldwide. Now, Yale scientists are taking another leadership role in the use of ketamine in mental health treatments
Theory To Practice
Esketamine is the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine and is more potent at the NMDA receptor.
USED FOR TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION
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