Japanese Lung Fluke

 

In 1878, the adult fluke was described by: Coenraad Kerbert

Kerbert discovered the organism in the lungs of a Bengal tiger in a zoo. Initially, it was simply a zoological curiosity rather than a recognized human pathogen. 

 

 

 

Parasitic Food-Borne Zoonoses 

 

 

 

 

Cerebral Paragonimiasis

 

Cerebral paragonimiasis is a neurological manifestation of infection by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus, most commonly Paragonimus westermani. 

 

 

 

 

 

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Sensory Conflict Theory

 

                                                                  Motion Sickness 

One of the earliest recorded descriptions comes from Hippocrates (5th century BCE). He wrote about nausea and vomiting triggered by sea travel, recognizing that the condition was linked to motion rather than illness or poisoning. 

 

 

Sensory Conflict Theory

The "Sensory Conflict" Theory: In 1881, Dr. John Arthur Irwin officially coined the term "motion sickness" to unify conditions like sea, train, and car sickness, proposing the "sensory conflict" theory. This theory suggests sickness occurs when the brain receives conflicting signals from the eyes, inner ear, and body.

 

 

 

General mechanism of carsickness based on the sensory conflict theory when a passenger gazes at an in-vehicle display. (Kato and Kitazaki)

 

 

 

 

American psychologist and philosopher William James (1842-1910) found that deaf-mutes were resistant to the development of seasickness. 

 

 

 

 

Sensory Conflict To Sensory Mismatch Theory

 The Sensory Mismatch Theory — often used interchangeably with the sensory conflict theory — is the most widely accepted explanation for motion sickness.

The modern theory is most strongly associated with: James T. Reason and John J. Brand

Their landmark 1975 book: Motion Sickness formally articulated what became the sensory conflict (neural mismatch) theory.

 

 

 

 

Mechanism Of Motion Sickness

 

 

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FeNO

 

 

 

 

Discovery of nitric oxide in exhaled breath

In 1991, Lars Gustafsson and colleagues made a pivotal observation:

 They detected nitric oxide in exhaled human breath.

This finding was groundbreaking because:

• It showed that NO is produced within the respiratory tract

• It suggested a potential non-invasive biomarker of airway biology

   

  
  
  
   

   

  Modern perspective

  Today, FeNO is recognized as:

• A non-invasive inflammatory biomarker for Airway Inflammation

   

  

                                                        It Can Be Used For Diagnosis Of 

    
   

   

   

   

   

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Sixth Disease

 

                                                          Historical Names Of Disease

 

 

 

 Sixth Disease

 

Human Herpes Virus 6 = Sixth Disease  

 

Human Herpes Virus 6 And Multiple Sclerosis

 

 

Recent studies report that in MS patients the serological response against HHV-6A is increased whereas it is decreased against HHV-6B. This effect seems to be even more pronounced in MS patients prior to diagnosis and supports previous studies postulating a predomination for HHV-6A in MS disease and suggests that the infection is important at early stages of the disease. Furthermore, HHV-6A infection interacts with other factors suspected of modulating MS susceptibility and progression such as infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV), tobacco smoking, HLA alleles, UV irradiation and vitamin D levels. 

 

 

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Necroptosis

 

                                                                             Necroptosis  

 

 

 

 

Discovery Of Necroptosis 

 

A major breakthrough occurred in 2005, when Alexei Degterev and colleagues, working with Junying Yuan, described a small molecule called Necrostatin-1. This compound inhibited a specific type of necrotic cell death. Crucially, they showed that the process was regulated rather than accidental, and linked it to a kinase called RIPK1. This study effectively established necroptosis as a distinct, programmed pathway. 

 

 

 

 

 

 Necroptosis

 

 

 

 

Mechanism Of Necroptosis

 

 

 

 

 

Apoptosis VS Necroptosis 

 

 

 

Necroptosis In Pathology

 

 

 

 

 

Pathology: Ischemic Reperfusion Injury (Necroptosis) 

 

 

 

 

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