International Day Of Women Judges

 

     

 

 

 

 

First Female Judge Of India

 

 

 India And Women Judges

 

 

 

 

Current Events

 

 

 

 

 

 

Snapshot

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ceres

                                         

                                   Ceres — Named after the Roman goddess of agriculture

 

 

Ceres is historically regarded as the first asteroid ever discovered 

 

 It was found on January 1, 1801 

 

Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi 

 

 

 

 

Ceres is not a simple rocky asteroid; it is a water-rich dwarf planet with rock, ice, salts, and organic compounds, making it one of the most chemically complex bodies in the asteroid belt. 

 

 

 

 

Current Events

 

Snapshot

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Epsom Toxicity

 

Epsom salt is the common name for Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄·7H₂O), a naturally occurring mineral compound composed of magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen. 

 

 

 

 

 

Magnesium Toxicity

 

 Early clinical use in obstetrics was reported by J. P. Lazard in 1925, who administered magnesium sulfate to control eclamptic convulsions. 

 

  

By the 1940s–1950s, obstetric studies established classic toxicity signs:

• Loss of deep tendon reflexes

• Respiratory depression

• Cardiac conduction abnormalities

   

  
  

   
  

  
   
                                                                        

                                                                      Current Events

   
   
   
  Snapshot
   
  
   

  

   

   

  
   

  
   

  
  
   
  
   

  
   

 

 

 

 

Epsom

 

Epsom is a historic town in Surrey, England, famous for its mineral springs and for giving the world Epsom salts.

Epsom salt is the common name for Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄·7H₂O), a naturally occurring mineral compound composed of magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen. 

 It was first identified from mineral spring waters in Epsom, which is how it got its name.  In 1618, a farmer named Henry Wicker discovered it

                                                                      Epsom, Surrey 

 

 

 

Magnesium Sulphate: Anticonvulsant  

 

The anticonvulsant property of magnesium sulfate was discovered in the early 1900s.

• In 1906, Samuel J. Meltzer and John Auer at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research conducted animal experiments.

• They demonstrated that magnesium salts could suppress neuromuscular transmission and prevent convulsions in experimental animals.

                                                 

                                                   

   

 Early clinical use in obstetrics was reported by J. P. Lazard in 1925, who administered magnesium sulfate to control eclamptic convulsions.

 

J. P. Lazard an American obstetrician in Los Angeles, California, known for pioneering the use of Magnesium sulfate to treat seizures in Eclampsia. 

 

Lazard worked at Los Angeles General Hospital in California. 

 

Lazard demonstrated that magnesium sulfate could safely control eclamptic convulsions and reduce maternal mortality.  His studies included hundreds of patients between 1924–1932, showing a significant drop in death rates compared with earlier treatments.

 

 

 

 

 

 

J. P. Lazard To Jack Pritchard  

 

Jack A. Pritchard (1915–2003) was an American obstetrician–gynecologist known for developing the Pritchard regimen for treating seizures in Eclampsia using Magnesium sulfate. 

 

 

 

 

 

Pritchard Regimen 

 

 

 

The MAGPIE Trial (2002) showed magnesium sulfate significantly reduces the risk of seizures and maternal death in Pre‑eclampsia. 

 

 

 

Current Events

 

 

 

 

 

Snapshot

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide

 

 Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) is a 37–amino-acid neuropeptide widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. 

It is one of the most potent vasodilators in the human body and plays a major role in pain transmission and migraine pathophysiology. 

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide 

 

 

 

 

Discovery  

 

CGRP was discovered in 1982 when researchers showed that the calcitonin gene could produce two different peptides through alternative RNA splicing.

Key scientists involved:

• Susan G. Amara

• Michael G. Rosenfeld

• Ronald M. Evans

Their work demonstrated that the calcitonin gene in thyroid C-cells produces calcitonin, while neurons produce CGRP from the same gene.

 

 

 

 

 

Susan Amara

 

Susan G. Amara is a prominent neuroscientist known for important work on neurotransmitter transporters and neuropeptides, including research related to Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) and its role in the nervous system. 

 

 

CGRP plays a crucial role in Migraine.

During a migraine attack:

• CGRP is released from trigeminal nerve endings
• Causes vasodilation and inflammation of meningeal vessels
• Leads to headache pain            
   
   
   

   

   

  Physiology To Pharmacology 

   

  CGRP-Targeted Drugs (Modern Migraine Therapy) 

   

   

  

   

  

  
   

  Current Events

   

   

   

   

   

  Snapshot