Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Day

 

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) is a type of brain injury caused by reduced oxygen (hypoxia) and blood flow (ischemia) to the brain. 

In Adults

• Cardiac arrest
• Stroke
• Severe hypotension
• Drowning or suffocation                          

 

                                                               

 

 

                                                                                Current Events

                                                           Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy Day

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Snapshot

 

 

 

 

 

Idiomuscular Contraction

 

Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), in his landmark work De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543), provided detailed illustrations of:

• The lumbar plexus
• Branches supplying the thigh (including what we now call the femoral nerve)

 

                                              Femoral Nerve Is Excitable After Death 

 

 

 

• The femoral nerve (originating from L2–L4) supplies the quadriceps femoris muscle
• In early post-mortem period:
  • Muscles are still electrically and chemically excitable
  • Mechanical stimulation (like stretching the nerve or tapping muscle) can trigger contraction
• This is similar to idiomuscular contraction seen in early death

 How it is elicited

• Flexion of the hip or stretching of the psoas region
• Direct tapping or manipulation of the femoral nerve region
• Leads to: 
• Extension of the knee (quadriceps contraction)

 Forensic significance

• Indicates early post-mortem interval
• Suggests muscle excitability is still preserved

 

                                                                                Snapshot

 

 

 

 

Memory 03.04.2026

 

 

 

 

 

Memory 03.04.2026

 

                                                                          Mother  

 

 

 

Salmonella VS Shigella

                                

                                                                          Salmonella  

 

 

 

 

 

Shigella 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Salmonella VS Shigella 

 

 

 

 

Snapshot

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kiyoshi Shiga

                                                                           Kiyoshi Shiga 

 

 

 

In 1897, during a severe dysentery epidemic in Japan, bacteriologist Kiyoshi Shiga successfully isolated the causative organism from patients’ stool samples. 

 

The epidemic occurred in Japan and caused over 90,000 cases with high mortality, making it a major public health crisis.

 

Shiga demonstrated that the bacterium produced a potent toxin (now called Shiga toxin), which plays a central role in the disease. 

                                                         Kiyoshi Shiga = Shigella

                                                            Shigella = Shigellosis 

 

 

 

 Classification Of Shigella

 

Virulence Factors Of Shigella

 

 

 

  

Pathophysiology

 

 

 

 

 

Shigellosis

 

 

Snapshot

 

 

 

 

 

 

Typhoid Mary

 

 

 

 

 

Mary Mallon (1869–1938), famously known as “Typhoid Mary,” was the first recognized asymptomatic carrier of Typhoid fever in the United States.

 

 Her story became a landmark in public health history. 

 

• In 1906, sanitary engineer George Soper investigated outbreaks in Oyster Bay, New York
• He traced infections back to Mary Mallon

     Shocking finding:

• She had no symptoms
• Yet carried Salmonella Typhi in her gallbladder 

                                 Remained in quarantine for 26 years until her death in 1938 

 

 

 

 

Snapshot