FAST Exam

 

FAST Exam

Focused Assessment By Sonography In Trauma

Indications Of FAST Exam 

Applications Of FAST Exam

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Cheesecake

 

New York-Style Cheesecake

• 1920s: Arnold Reuben, a German-Jewish restaurateur, is credited with creating the classic New York cheesecake.

• Key ingredients: cream cheese, sugar, eggs, and a graham cracker crust.

• Distinct for its dense, rich, and creamy texture.

                                                                    Current Events

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International Gastroschisis Awareness Day

 

• 1894: One of the earliest recorded clinical descriptions is credited to Littre, though terminology and differentiation from omphalocele were unclear.
• Before modern imaging, many cases were stillborn or died shortly after birth, so few survived to diagnosis

Modern Medical Classification (20th Century)

• 1943: Term "gastroschisis" was first used clearly in a medical context.
• 1950s–60s: As neonatal surgery, anesthesia, and parenteral nutrition advanced, survival rates began to improve.

Gastroschisis is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall in which the intestines (and sometimes other organs) protrude outside the baby’s body, usually to the right of the umbilicus, and are not covered by a protective sac.

                                                                         Current Events 

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International Day Of Friendship

 

International Day of Friendship is celebrated annually on July 30th. It was proclaimed in 2011 by the United Nations General Assembly with the idea that friendship between peoples, countries, cultures, and individuals can inspire peace efforts and build bridges between communities.

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Mercuria Lentis

 

                                                                   Mercury Poisoning 

Mercuria Lentis

Chronic exposure to mercury, especially elemental or inorganic mercury, can lead to systemic toxicity, including ocular changes.

🧿 Effect on the Eye:

Mercury can accumulate in ocular tissues, especially the lens, due to its affinity for sulfhydryl groups in lens proteins.

This results in protein denaturation, leading to lens opacities (cataracts).

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International Tiger Day

 

Origin: The tiger likely evolved in East Asia around 2–3 million years ago, during the Pleistocene epoch.

• It shares a common ancestor with lions, leopards, jaguars, and snow leopards.

Oldest Fossils:

• Found in China (~2 million years old).

• Spread across Asia, from Siberia in the north to India and Southeast Asia in the south.

Current Events 

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World ORS Day, 2025

                                                               Discovery Of ORS 

                                                               Oral Rehydration Salts

While many contributed to the science behind Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS), Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis, an Indian physician, is credited with pioneering its practical use and saving millions of lives.

                                                                            Current Events 

World ORS Day is observed every year on July 29 to raise awareness about Oral Rehydration Salts (ORS) as a simple, cost-effective, and life-saving treatment for dehydration, especially due to diarrheal diseases.

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Comfrey

 

                                                         Herbal Agents: Hepatotoxicity

Comfrey

Derived from the Latin word confirmare meaning "to strengthen" or "to unite," reflecting its use in wound healing and bone fractures ("knitbone").

Greece and Rome: Used by Hippocrates and Dioscorides (1st century CE) 

Healing broken bones and wounds

Dioscorides described comfrey in De Materia Medica as a plant that “glues wounds together”

Comfrey: Hepatotoxicity

Comfrey and Liver Failure

🔬 Mechanism of Liver Injury:

1. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity:

   • These form DNA adducts → hepatocyte damage → liver cell death.

2. Veno-Occlusive Disease (VOD):

• Also called sinusoidal obstruction syndrome.

• Damage to the small hepatic veins leads to blockage, hepatomegaly, ascites, jaundice, and eventual liver failure.

• Can progress to cirrhosis or acute liver failure.

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Ito Cells

 

Liver

Cellular Components Of Liver 

Toshio Ito 

Ito Cells

Discovered by: Japanese anatomist Toshio Ito in 1951.

Method: Using electron microscopy on rat livers.

Observed perisinusoidal fat-storing cells in the space of Disse.

Reported their vitamin A–rich lipid droplets.

Named after him as "Ito cells" 

Ito Cells 

Store Vitamin A 

The liver is the main storage site of vitamin A.

It stores 80–90% of the body’s total vitamin A, primarily in hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells).

This stored retinol can be mobilized when the body needs it.

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Stellate Cells aka Ito Cells

Store 90 %  Of Bodys Vitamin A

Jaune

 Ancient Egyptians (c. 1500 BCE): The Ebers Papyrus refers to yellowing of the skin and eyes, likely describing jaundice.

Hippocrates (460–370 BCE): Classified jaundice under icterus (Greek: ἴκτερος), attributing it to imbalance in the body’s humors, particularly bile.

"Icterus" was also the name of a yellow bird; folklore said looking at it could draw the disease away from the person.

The term “jaunisse” (French for jaundice) appeared in medieval French texts, derived from "jaune" meaning "yellow".

Hepatitis viruses were discovered (especially Hepatitis A, B, C), explaining infectious causes of jaundice.

Current Events

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