Samuel A. Levine
Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome (1952)
Proposed pre-excitation syndrome. Accessory pathway composed of James fibres. Characteristic ECG findings of short PR interval (<120ms); normal P wave axis; normal/narrow QRS morphology in the presence of paroxysmal tachycardia.
Levine Scale (Levine Grading Scale) (1933)
Six-point grading system that is used to define the volume or intensity of a heart murmur with an acoustic stethoscope. Levine addressed the clinical significance of the systolic murmur in two publications in 1933.
- Grade 1: Faint. Heard only after a few seconds have elapsed
- Grade 2: A faint murmur heard immediately
- Grade 3: Moderately loud murmur
- Grade 4: Loud murmur
- Grade 5: Very loud murmur. Can be heard if only the edge of the stethoscope is in contact with the skin.
- Grade 6: Loudest possible murmur. The murmur can be heard with the stethoscope just removed from the chest and not touching the skin.
Levine sign
In 1934, the Argentinian cardiologist Pedro Cossio (1900-1986) described the ‘Palm sign’ – extended palm placed against the sternum to define ischaemic chest pain (67% sensitive; 38% specific). This is referred to as the Cossio-Levine Sign.
In 1934, the Argentinian cardiologist Pedro Cossio (1900-1986) described the ‘Palm sign’ – extended palm placed against the sternum to define ischaemic chest pain (67% sensitive; 38% specific). This is referred to as the Cossio-Levine Sign.
Levine sign II
Levine RI wrote to the NEJM to have a alternate ‘Levine sign‘ popularised – that is, the use of carotid massage to slow the pulse in patients presenting with chest pain, with an easing of the pain ‘confirming’ the an ischaemic in origin.
Snapshot
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