Narivetta

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Garrotting

 

   The garrotte (or garrote) was the standard civilian method of execution in Spain.

 It was introduced in 1812/13, at the beginning of the reign of Ferdinand VII, to replace the crude form of hanging previously used. 

At least 736 people, including 16 women, were executed in Spain in the 19th century.  It is not clear how complete earlier records are and even modern ones are somewhat patchy.

Some 96 people, including two women, were garrotted between 1900 and 1935 with a further 110 men and three women being put to death in the post Civil War period. 

Garrotting was last used on the 2nd of March 1974, when two men were executed on the same day. 

Salvador Puig Antich was put to death in Barcelona, by A. López Guerra, for the shooting of a police officer during a robbery the previous year and Heinz Chez suffered in Tarragona, at the hands of J. Monero Renomo, for the terrorist murder of a Civil Guard Lieutenant.  

The garotte used for Antich’s execution is now on display in the Fundación Camilo José Cela, in

Chair with a metal collar that was tightened by a screw, crushing the neck or spine of the condemned.

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World No Tobacco Day

 

                                          Nicotine Is Named After A French Man Jean Nicot 

Nicotine In Tobacco

Tobacco In Cigarettes 

Smoking Cigarettes Causes Cancer 

History  Of Cigarette Smoking And Cancer 

First Report Of Smoking Causing Cancer 

Numbers Dont Lie 

1954

The Mortality Of Doctors In Relation To Their Smoking Habits

50 year Observation On Male British Doctors 

Cigarettes And Lung Cancer 

Cancer Deaths Attributed To Tobacco Use, 2021 

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Current Events 

World No Tobaco Day 

31.05.2025

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Ring Of Fire Sign

                              Colour Doppler - Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy = Ring Of Fire Sign

In 1992 Pellerito et al firstly noted a pattern flow in ectopic pregnancy using endovaginal color imaging. This characteristic round peripheral flow when submitted to spectral analysis demonstrated high-velocity and low impedance. The color pattern they called “ring of fire” and to the spectral finding they called “placental flow”.

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Memory 30.05.2025

 

Samuel A. Levine

 

                                                               Samuel A. Levine

Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome (1952)

Proposed pre-excitation syndrome. Accessory pathway composed of James fibres. Characteristic ECG findings of short PR interval (<120ms); normal P wave axis; normal/narrow QRS morphology in the presence of paroxysmal tachycardia. 

Levine Scale (Levine Grading Scale) (1933)

Six-point grading system that is used to define the volume or intensity of a heart murmur with an acoustic stethoscope. Levine addressed the clinical significance of the systolic murmur in two publications in 1933.

• Grade 1: Faint. Heard only after a few seconds have elapsed
• Grade 2: A faint murmur heard immediately
• Grade 3: Moderately loud murmur
• Grade 4: Loud murmur
• Grade 5: Very loud murmur. Can be heard if only the edge of the stethoscope is in contact with the skin.
• Grade 6: Loudest possible murmur. The murmur can be heard with the stethoscope just removed from the chest and not touching the skin.

Levine sign

In 1934, the Argentinian cardiologist Pedro Cossio (1900-1986) described the ‘Palm sign’ – extended palm placed against the sternum to define ischaemic chest pain (67% sensitive; 38% specific). This is referred to as the Cossio-Levine Sign.

Levine sign II

Levine RI wrote to the NEJM to have a alternate ‘Levine sign‘ popularised – that is, the use of carotid massage to slow the pulse in patients presenting with chest pain, with an easing of the pain ‘confirming’ the an ischaemic in origin. 

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Glycolysis

 

                                                      Potatoes: Nutrient Dense Carbohydrate

 

 

 

 

 

 Carbohydrates

 

 

 

 

 

 

Potatoes: Polysacccharides

 

Glucose Molecules

 

 

 

Glycolysis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Vodka

 The earliest written record of "wódka" (the Polish word for vodka) dates back to 1405, referring to alcohol-based remedies and cosmetics, potentially derived from fermented fruits or grains. 

 

 

 

 

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