PSA

Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen is a glycoprotein enzyme (serine protease) produced almost exclusively by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland.

PSA’s main role is in reproduction:

• Liquefies semen after ejaculation.
• Breaks down gel-forming proteins (semenogelins) in seminal coagulum → allows sperm motility.

                               

 1970: Dr. Hara and colleagues in Japan described a “γ-seminoprotein” from human seminal plasma — later understood to be PSA.

1971–1979: Dr. Richard J. Ablin and team reported an antigenic substance specific to the prostate, calling it Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA).

• Ablin emphasized its potential use in immunological testing.

1979: Dr. T. Ming Chu at Roswell Park Memorial Institute (Buffalo, USA) successfully purified PSA and developed a reliable assay.

Dr. Chu discovered the prostate specific antigen and developed the widely acclaimed prostate cancer detection test.

The PSA test has been available to the public since 1986, when it was approved by the FDA for clinical use, and is recommended by the American Cancer Society for annual screening in early detection of prostate cancer. 

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Tree Of Life

The coconut palm is considered one of the most ancient cultivated plants, with archaeological and linguistic evidence suggesting its use for thousands of years.

The coconut originated in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, spread naturally by ocean currents and human voyagers, was recorded in Sanskrit and early travelogues, and by the Age of Exploration became a truly pan-tropical crop, earning its title as the “Tree of Life.”

Sanskrit texts (1st millennium BCE) mention the coconut as “Kalpa Vriksha” (“the tree that provides all necessities of life”).

                                                                            

                                                                   Current Events

• Food & drink: coconut water, milk, oil, flesh

• Fiber & materials: coir, shells, timber substitute

• Cultural & religious use: offerings in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Pacific island rituals

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Nodding Face Sign

 

                                                                   Base Of Skull

         

                                                                     

                             Arthur Keith: Base Of Skull Fractures  = Hinge Fractures 

Arthur Keith (1900s)

• The British anatomist Sir Arthur Keith (1866–1955) is often credited with describing the fracture pattern where the skull base splits transversely through the middle cranial fossa.

• He likened it to a "hinge" because the skull vault could essentially move like two flaps, hinged at the posterior part of the base.

                                         

Hinge Fracture Of Skull

Nodding Face 

•  Hinge fracture, the skull base splits transversely through the middle cranial fossa, often across the sella turcica.

• This creates two “flaps” of the skull base that can move relative to each other, almost like a hinge of a door.

• Because of this mobility, when the head is lifted or handled during autopsy, the face can appear to nod up and down.

• This peculiar movement is called the “Nodding Face Sign.”

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World Primate Day

                                                        Monkey Drinking Fruit Juice 

First appearance: Around 55–65 million years ago (Paleocene–Eocene).

Likely evolved from small, tree-dwelling insectivorous mammals after the extinction of the dinosaurs (~66 million years ago).

                                             

                                                        World Primate Day

 International Primate Day is an annual awareness event held on September 1 each year. Initiated by the UK-based Animal Defenders International (ADI) in 2005, the day aims to champion the welfare and conservation of primates. It particularly focuses on ending harmful practices like animal experiments and advocating for the protection of primates in both captivity and the wild

                                                                          Current Events 

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Dermographism

  “Kérnographism” or perhaps “Dermographism” (also called dermographic urticaria or skin writing).

Georg Christoph Lichtenberg  a German physicist. 

He discovered and described the intricate, fern-like patterns of electrical discharge that are now named after him. 

Biopsies of the skin reveal no pathologic changes. 

Lichtenberg figures are now known to occur on or within solids, liquids, and gases during electrical breakdown.

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Wischnewski Spots

 

Wischnewski spots are small, brown–black hemorrhagic erosions or ulcers seen in the gastric mucosa of people who die from hypothermia. They are considered a forensic hallmark of death due to cold exposure.

The lesions were first described by pathologist Wischnewski in the late 19th century  while studying autopsies of individuals who died in cold climates

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Hide And Die Syndrome

 Hide and Die Syndrome was recognized in the mid-20th century forensic literature, especially in relation to hypothermia deaths, and has since become an established descriptive concept in forensic pathology.

1960s–1970s forensic studies: Systematic descriptions of this phenomenon in hypothermia deaths appeared, leading to the coining of the term “Hide-and-Die.”

                                                                 “Hide-and-Die.”

It refers to the tendency of a person, especially in cases of hypothermia, severe trauma, or poisoning, to crawl or hide in confined, sheltered, or unusual places before death.

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