Copper T

 

    Chile is the world’s largest producer of copper, and copper is the backbone of its economy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Jaime Zipper was a Chilean physician and medical researcher best known for discovering the contraceptive/spermicidal properties of copper.

 

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he found that copper released from an IUD causes a contraceptive effect largely by impairing sperm function in the uterus (reducing motility and viability).

 

 

                                  Proved the biological contraceptive effect of copper.

 

                                                         Dr. Jamie Zipper, Chile 

       

 

 

 

 Chile To USA 

 

 

 

 

 

Dr. Howard Tatum, USA 

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American physician and inventor

 

Collaborated in developing copper-bearing IUD models

 

Designed the T-shaped plastic IUD, which improved retention in the uterus 

 The famous Copper T design comes from his T-shaped framework

 

 

 

 

 

Types Of Copper T

 

 

 

         Mechanism Of  Copper T 

 

       Copper Is A Spermicidal 

 

 

 

 

Current Events

 

Zero Discrimination Day, 2026

 

 

 

 

 

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Copper Is A Spermicidal Globally 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Følling's Disease

  

                                                    Ernst Schulze and Johann Barbieri 

                               Phenylalanine was first isolated in 1879 from lupin seedlings

                                          Phenylalanine: Constituent Of Plant Proteins

 

 

 Phenylalanine 

 

 

 

 

First inborn errors of metabolism linked to a specific amino acid pathway. 

 

Biochemical Genetics 

 

Phenylalanine To Phenylketonuria

 

Discovered By  Asbjørn Følling  aka  Følling's disease

 

In 1934 at Oslo University Hospital, Følling saw a young woman named Borgny Egeland. She had two children, Liv and Dag, who had been normal at birth but subsequently developed intellectual disability. When Dag was about a year old, the mother noticed a strong smell in his urine. Følling obtained urine samples from the children and, after many tests, found that the substance causing the odor in the urine was phenylpyruvic acid. The children, he concluded, had excess phenylpyruvic acid in the urine, the condition which came to be called Phenylketonuria 

 

  He identified elevated phenylpyruvic acid in the urine of children with intellectual disability

 

 

 

 

 

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Zero Discrimination Day = VALID HUMAN OBSERVATIONS DO NOT DISCRIMINATE

                                                   

                                                   Jacob Augustus Lockhart Clarke

Clarke's Column: He is the namesake of the column of Clarke (or Clarke's nucleus), the dorsal nucleus of the spinal cord, which he was the first to locate and describe.

 

 

 

Clarkes Columm

 

Dorsal Nucleus Of Spinal Cord  

 

Lamina 7 = Clarkes Columm 

 

 

 

 

Proprioception: Charles Sherrington 

 

In 1906, Charles Scott Sherrington introduced the term “proprioception”, describing the sense of body position and movement. He also described muscle spindles and reflex arcs, key to understanding spinocerebellar input. 

 

 

 

 

 

 Paul Flechsig used myelin staining to map ascending tracts.

 The dorsal (posterior) spinocerebellar tract was distinguished from other posterior column pathways.

 

 

 

Spinocerebellar Tract: Unconscious Proprioception

 

 

 

 Moritz Heinrich Romberg

 

In 1846, Romberg described the characteristic instability of patients with tabes dorsalis (neurosyphilis affecting the posterior columns). 

He observed that such patients could stand with eyes open but began to sway or fall when they closed their eyes.

Lehrbuch der Nervenkrankheiten des Menschen (Manual of the Nervous Diseases of Man), one of the earliest systematic neurology texts. 

  

 

 

 

 

Neurosyphillis To Rombergs Test

 

Rombergs Test: Examination of 8th Cranial Nerve  

 

 

 

 

 

Rombergs Test

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Current Events

 

VALID HUMAN OBSERVATIONS DO NOT DISCRIMINATE 

 

 

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VALID HUMAN OBSERVATIONS DO NOT DISCRIMINATE