Thursday 30 August 2018

Guttenberg


Slumbering realms of sensibility which can be coaxed into wakefulness by Books

Guttenberg



I owe all my knowledge to the German Inventor Johannes Guttenberg (1398-1468)

Guttenbergs Invention; Influential person in the past 1000 years



Guttenberg Invention: Printing Press



Before the printing press in 1450

Cave Paintings: 33,000 years old


Cave Paintings followed by Hieroglyphs used by Ancient Egyptians



Hieroglyphs followed by Greek Inscriptions



Before Printing Press books were written by hand, mainly by monks 



Books were expensive to produce. 

If a book was to survive, it had to be copied over and over



Handwriting a book down to Woodblock Printing



Process of Woodblock Printing did not change until Gutenberg

Modern Media as we know

Johannes Guttenberg invented the First Printing Press in 1455


Johanes Guttenberg mixed oil and soap together to make Ink

First Printed Book Known To Man: Bible

He made 180 copies of the Bible



49 Copies survive today

Guttenberg Bible (Printing Press) brought the Reformation



Printing Press in 1455 to Reformation of 1517

Reformation - Information: Moment that changed the World

Facts: Printing Press



Reformation: Roman Catholic Church To Modern Church as we know



Printing Press: Reformation To Freedom Of Press

Freedom Of Press: Ideals Of Enlightenment



Freedom Of Press To Books/Magazines/Posters/News Papers


Guttenberg: Father Of Modern Media

Printing Press To Social Media 



Snapshot

Paper 1800 BC  To Printing Press 1440 AD






































Orexin




Orexin: Wakefulness





Orexin: Story



1998: IUPHAR  searching for new signalling molecules independently discovered

Orexin 

Sakurai, Yanagisawa named these peptides Orexin A and B 

Orexins were thought to promote feeding 

Orexins comes from Orexis (Greek word for apetite)


Later Orexins were strongly associated with Sleep/Wakefulness




Neurotransmitters in Wakefulness and Sleep


Melatonin (Sleep) VS Orexin (Awake)

Orexins: Wakefullness/Food Intake/Energy Metabolism






Orexin in CNS

Human Brain contains 50K-80K orexin producing neurons







Orexins present in lateral and posterior hypothalamus project in arousal regions



These neurons have projections to the arousal regions we just saw, mainly the locus ceruleus and the tuberomammillary nucleus.


Orexin System: Wakefulness/Arousal



Orexin in Human Pathology

Narcolepsy: Deficiency of Orexin production in the Brain



Tuberomammilary Nucleus: Wakefulness Promoter

Tuberomammilary Nucleus: Coffee House Of The Brain

Lateral Hypothalamus: Orexin 



Stimulants Known To Promote Wakefulness and Arousal

Prescription Meds

Modafinil: jumpstarts the Brain






Other Widely Known Stimulants





Coffee: Universal Stimulant


Apart from coffee Prescription Stimulants used




Snapshot