Snake
Snake Venom As A Substitute Of Opioids
Case Reports
Snake Venom As A Substitute Of Opioids
Snake Venom As A Substitute For Opioids
Snakes are held near the head end of the snake, just distal to the lip
margin, by the person in charge of snakes. A sharp slap on the snake’s
head with a blunt item causes it to bite. Precaution is made that the
snake injects a minimal bite in the little toe or index finger for
minimal envenomation, and then, he makes the snakebite in the
individual’s lip, tongue or ear lobes, depending on his or her wishes.
Snakebites are mainly obtained from nomadic tribesmen or slum snake
charmers and type of snake used are Bungarus caeruleus (common krait), Naja naja (cobra) and Opheodrys vernalis
(green snake), rat snake and green vine. The psychotropic effect after
bite varies from individuals to individuals. Increased sense of
well-being, lethargy, grandiosity, blurred vision, giddiness,
drowsiness, feeling of dizziness and intense persistent euphoria,
intense state of arousal are all common symptoms after a snakebite
The hypnotic and euphoric effects of potentially lethal envenomation
have no simple explanation. One possibility is a dry bite, in which just
a small amount of venom enters the human body, causing a psychoactive
effect. According to some studies, up to 60% of all snakebites are dry.
Psychotropic property of cobra venom partially resembles to the action
of morphine. Reinforcement and euphoric effect after snake envenomation
appears to be mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are
widely distributed in brain area (hippocampus) that concerned with
rewards and enforcement behaviour. The snake venom toxin α-bungarotoxin
binds to a subclass of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and modulates
neurotransmission in the brain through increased calcium permeability,
resulting in raise intracellular free calcium levels.The snake venom α-neurotoxins may induce centrally mediated
opiate-independent analgesia through cholinergic receptors, which may be
involved in the euphoric or rewarding experience of compounds in the
rewards pathway.
Furthermore, the venom on entering human blood releases active
metabolites such as serotonin, bradykinin, peptides, prostaglandins and
other slow-reacting substances that have different psychotropic effect
such as hypnotic and sedative.
There are some psychological characteristics features of subject with
venom abuse. High levels of sensation seeking, low harm avoidance,
impulsivity, multiple substance abuse and high levels of extraversion
(representing high energy and a preference for excitement and
stimulation), openness (representing openness to different experiences)
and neuroticism were all found among snake venom users (especially high
scores on impulsiveness).
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