Heller’s Nitric Acid Test is a classical qualitative test used to detect Albumin in urine.
When concentrated nitric acid is layered beneath urine, albumin precipitates at the junction of the two liquids due to protein denaturation and coagulation.
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Vero cell line is:
A continuous cell line derived in 1962
From the kidney of an African green monkey
Named “Vero” from the Esperanto word for “truth”
The Vero cell line is:
Approved by WHO
Used by multiple national regulatory authorities
Employed in vaccines for:
Polio
Rabies
Japanese encephalitis
COVID-19 (inactivated vaccines)
Its long safety record spans over 60 years.
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Typhus became notorious as a “camp fever” or “jail fever”.
Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) – Typhus killed more soldiers than combat.
Irish Famine and English prisons – Overcrowding spread lice, the disease vector.
Napoleonic Wars:
During Napoleon’s 1812 invasion of Russia, epidemic typhus killed hundreds of thousands, contributing significantly to the collapse of his army.
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