Since the beginning, poison has been a murderous tool for emperors, pharaohs, and kings.
Around 1550 B.C., Egyptians scribbled numerous recipes for poison in hieroglyphics in the Ebers Papyrus, one of the earliest medical documents. It’s believed the first known Egyptian pharaoh, Menes, experimented with deadly toxins, as did the last, Cleopatra, who supposedly took her own life with a poison asp.
Experimenting with poison killed the father of Chinese herbal medicine, Shen Nung—he sampled 365 herbs before dying of an overdose—as well as the first Chinese emperor, Qin Shi Huang. The ancient civilizations of India, Persia, and Greece used poison to assassinate rivals for political gain (Mughal rulers would “gift” their enemies with poison-lined robes), to execute criminals (Socrates was sentenced to drink poison Hemlock), and even to offer the sick and elderly the gift of a quick death.
By Roman times, poisoning had run so rampant that the “Lex Cornelia,” an ancient Roman law, was issued outright forbidding toxic tinctures—but the problem only grew. Six Roman emperors met their end due to poison, including Claudius, who was murdered by his own wife, Agrippina, to advance the position of her son Nero, who then turned around and poisoned his stepbrother in order to take the throne
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